For issues specific to monastic architecture, see Pichard and Lagirarde 2003. 330p. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1999. Penang: Aliran Kesdaran Negara, Aliran, 1991. 536p. 45(5): 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg (2002). In the first years of Buddhism, like their Upaniad-motivated brethren, Buddha's followers were strictly eremitic, following an extreme ascetic lifestyle. The Buddhist order was founded and based on metaphysical principles, but its functions were based on the truth of conventional operations in the world. Contribution of Buddhism to world civilization and culture. Nevertheless, in the second decade of the 21st century, both government restrictions on opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and rules regarding political participation were eased, and the future of Buddhism seemed destined for change. Tantra in Western nomenclature has achieved forms of signification independent from its Sanskritic use and has become a somewhat promiscuous c, Monatsschrift Fuer Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, Monbart, Marie-Josphine de Lescun (17581800). (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) Rules concerning distance from lay settlements, for example, had to be interpreted and implemented differently depending on whether tropical, moderate, or (as in the case of Tibet and Mongolia) subarctic climatic conditions prevailed. 178-186 Hamilton BQ4012 .P73, Bechert, Heinz (1978), German studies of Buddhism in Southeast Asia In: Cultures in encounter: Germany and the Southeast Asian nations: a documentation of the ASEAN Cultural Week, Tubingen, Summer 1977. 363p. Buddhism was a new innovation that adapted as India grew and developed. Yifa. Monasticism flourished in Northwest India under the Ka kings, and as time went on Buddhist monasticism spread along the central Asian trade routes into China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, and Tibet. Commitment to, or at least proximity to, religious mysteries brought social and political status, and for this reason monks and nuns gained prestige and power in their support communities. The chapter also explores that the pre-fifth century networks continued to have significant impact on the . The world's religions. 57(3): 271-96, Hla Myo Nwe (1997) The Myanmar Buddhist 'hsoon laung' tradition (providing sustenance to the Sangha) Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) 2, no.4 33-36, Hooker, M.B. The preservation and adaptation of the tradition: studies of Chinese religious expression in Southeast Asia. In some areas Buddhism was assimilated to Hinduism, forming a Hindu-oriented amalgam that in some places (for example in Bali) has persisted to the present. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. of plates, *BURMA*BURMA: JOURNAL ARTICLESAye Kyaw (1984) The Sangha organization in nineteenth century Burma and Thailand Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok) 72: 166-196, Bechert, Heinz (1989), The recent attempt at a reform of the Buddhist Sangha in Burma and its implications, Internationales Asienforum = International Quarterly for Asian Studies (Munchen) 20, nos.3-4 (Nov) 303-323, Becka, Jan (1990) The ideological aspects of Buddhist revival in Burma (1948-1962) Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 58, no.4 337-353, Becka, Jan (1991) The role of Buddhism as a factor of Burmese national identity in the period of British rule in Burma (1886-1948) Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 59, no.4 389-405, Brohm, J (1963), Buddhism and animism in a Burmese village, Journal of Asian Studies, 22: 155-167, Ciochon, R L, J James (1992). Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia. Whiting Bay, Isle of Arran, Scotland : Kiscadale Publications Hamilton Asia DS529.2 .T473 1988, Than Tun (2002), Buddhist art and architecture with special reference to Myanma / Yangon: Sein Pan Myaing : Distributed by Mon Ywe, Hamilton Asia N7312 .T53 2002, Tin Maung Maung Than (1993), Sangha reforms and renewal of sasana in Myanmar: historical trends and contemporary practice, In: Ling, Trevor, ed. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. ." 557p. 183p. (1992), Revival without revivalism: the case of the Buddhists of Malaysia, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 7, no.2 (Aug) 326-335, Liow, Woon Khin Benny (1989) Buddhist temples and association in Penang, 1845-1948Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur) 62, no.1 57-87, Mohamed Yusoff Ismail (1990), Buddhism among the Siamese of Kelantan: minority religion in a Muslim state, Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) 18 55-69, Muhammad Kamal Hassan (1977) A brief survey of Buddhist ascetic practicesAkademika (Kuala Lumpur) no.10 (Jan) 67-76, Vijaya Samarawickrama (2001) Bar Council Malaysia seminar on freedom of religion: the Buddhist view, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar (Kuala Lumpur) Special issue 43-54, MALAYSIA : BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSMohamed Yusoff Ismail (1993), Two faces of Buddhism: Chinese participation in Thai Theravada temples in Kelantan, In: Cheu, Hock Tong, ed. A description of lay and monastic law in Tibet. Buddhist monasteries maintained the fundamental teachings and moderate ascetic lifestyle, but Buddhists soon elaborated on the basic doctrines and accommodated new ritual practices current in its own and in new host cultures. Kuala Lumpur : Buddhists Missionary Society, Hamilton Asia DS595.2.C5 T36 1988, Nguyen The Anh (2002), From Indra to Maitreya: Buddhist influence in Vietnamese political thought, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore) 33, no.2 (Jun) 225-241, Nhat Hanh, Thich (1976), The miracle of being awake, Visakha Puja (Bangkok) 2519 58-92, Pelzer, Kristin (1992), On defining 'Vietnamese religion': reflections on Bruce Matthews' article [Matthews' article The Place of Religion in Vietnam Today],Buddhist-Christian Studies (Honolulu) 12 (1992) 75-79, Pelzer, Kristin (1993), United States and Vietnam: on the need for spiritual reconciliation, Buddhist-Christian Studies (Honolulu) 13: 247-257, Phong T. Nguyen (2002). Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1990. Stuttgart: Institut f&r Auslandsbeziehungen, 1978. Buddhism in South-East Asia: a cultural survey. The list of ten points includes rather trivial matters, and it is probable that these were in themselves indicators of larger issues. Since Buddhist monks used to travel with merchants, maritime trade relations between South and Southeast Asia played a major role for the expansion of Buddhism into the latter region. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, Hamilton Asia BQ6160.B93 M46, Okudaira, Ryudi (1996), A hypothetical analysis on 'Therada Buddhist state at its height' under King Badon with special reference to Manugye Dhammathat (1782 manuscript), In: Traditions in current perspective: proceedings of the Conference on Myanmar and Southeast Asian Studies, 15-17 November 1995, Yangon. 308p. Buddhism in practice. In modern Tibet and in parts of Southeast Asia, for example, there are no unbroken lineages of full ordination from nun to nun, and nuns are able to take only a brief list of vows. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BUDDHISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, *BRUNEI*BRUNEI: JOURNAL ARTICLESHarrisson, Tom (1955), Indian pioneers in Borneo: c.500 A.D. on Sarawak Museum Journal (Kuching) 6, no.6 (new series), no.21 (old series) (Dec) 511-517, 2p. When women's monasteries were in decline, women reestablished monastic life as they were able. 318p. Munster: Lit, 1994. Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia. History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the aka Era. 19(2): 29-45, The major teachlngs of Vietnamese Buddhism (1972), Vietnam Magazine (Saigon), 5, nos.1-2 (Jan-Feb) 11-15, The, Hung (1979), Thien Buddhist school, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.56 : 30-56, Thich Thien Chau (1990), Bioethics as seen by Buddhists, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.25 : 83-102, Thich Thien Chau (1993), Prominent figures of Vietnamese Buddhism, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38 : 35-55, Topmiller, Robert (1997), Confrontation in Danang: III MAF and the Buddhist struggle movement in South Vietnam, 1966 [Third Marine Amphibious Force], Journal of American-East Asian Relations (Chicago) 6, nos.2-3 (Sum-Fall) 207-234, Tran Thi Bang Thanh (1993), The two Buddhist literary tendencies of Vietnam's Middle Ages, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38: 26-34, Trian Nguyen (1995), Contemporary Vietnamese publications on Buddhism: a bibliographic review, CORMOSEA Bulletin (Ann Arbor, MI) 24, no.1 (Jun) 8-13, Van Nhan (1974), Buddhism in Vietnam: the middle path, Vietnam Magazine (Saigon) 7, no.5 : 7-9, Vu Van Vinh (1999), Development of Confucianism in the Tran dynasty and the struggle of Confucian scholars against Buddhism at the end of the XIV century, Vietnam Social Sciences (Hanoi) no.2 (70) : 55-60, VIETNAM: BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSAnonymous (2001), In: Buddhism in Vietnam Ahir, D.C., ed. Tun (1984), The Buddha's Footprints in Burma, Journal of Asian and African Studies = Ajia Afurika gengo bunka kenkyu (Tokyo) , no.28, (1984), 119-137, Wijeyewardene, Gehan (1987) The Theravada compact and the Karen Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 2, no.1 (Feb) 31-54, Win Pe (1978), The intellect in Buddhism, Guardian (Rangoon) , 25 (Nov), 21-24, Woodward, Mark R. (1988), When one wheel stops: Theravada Buddhism and the British Raj in upper Burma, Crossroads (DeKalb, IL) , 4, no.1 (Fall, 1988), 57-90, Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe (2000), The orientalizing of Burmese politics? Lieberman, Victor B. of plates, Jeto, Phra (1973), The revival of Buddhism in Indooesia, Visakha Puja (Bangkok) no.2516 (May 16) 42-45, Jordaan, Roy E. (1998), The Tara temple of Kalasan in central Java, Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient (Paris) 85 : 163-183, King, Victor T. (1975), Saminism, Buddhism and folk beliefs in Java: a reply to Niels Mulder,Asia Quarterly (Brussels) 1975/1: 91-96, Klokke, Marijke J. Within these growing trade route networks, Buddhism started its development from the Indian Subcontinent, and reached other regions along the Silk Roads. (Religion, history, and culture.) 1-43 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .M93 1999, Than Tun (1988), Essays on the history and Buddhism of Burma / edited by Paul Strachan Whiting Bay, Isle of Arran, Scotland : Kiscadale Publications, Hamilton Asia DS529.2 .T473 1988, Stargardt, Janice (2001), The great silver reliquary from Sri Ksetra: the oldest Buddhist art in Burma and one of the world's oldest Pali inscriptions, In: Klokke, Marijke J.; Kooij, Karel R. van, eds. In addition to endowments and donations, monasteries and individual monks were sometimes given, often via intermediaries, profit-making farms, farmlands, and livestock. Some of the most renowned Buddhist monasteries in history were built in the Gupta period. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. Each country's circumstances are unique, but in Myanmar, a country with deep Buddhist roots, it is a legal offence for women to ordain as a bhikkhuni, and punishable by imprisonment. Prince Siddhrtha Gautama went, in Buddhist language, on the "Middle Way," a life of moderate asceticism, between lay life and extreme asceticism. Honolulu, 1997. In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, however, the Buddhist King Jayavarman VII built a new capital called Angkor Thom that was dominated by both Mahayana and Vajrayana monuments, which represent one of the high points of Buddhist architecture. Where China meets Southeast Asia: social & cultural change in the border regions. Schopen, Gregory. (1996), *Merit and blessing in mainland Southeast Asia in comparative perspective, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 263p Hamilton Asia GN635 .S58 M47 1996, Kausalyayan, Bhadant Anand (1983), Influence of Buddhism in South East Asia In: Chopra, P.N. The transmission of Buddhism and Hinduism to Southeast Asia can thus be regarded as the spread of the religious symbols of the more-advanced Austroasiatic peoples to other Austroasiatic groups sharing some of the same basic religious presuppositions and traditions. Yukio Hayashi (1994). of plates. During the division of India into small kingdoms in the Pla era (6501250), Buddhist monasteries consolidated into larger monastic institutions because of a lack of pan-Indian institutionalized support structures and because of the destruction of major Gupta monastic centers by invading armies. 309-315 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B833 1989, Gosling, David (2001), Religion and ecology in India and southeast Asia / with a foreword by Ninian Smart. The practice of religiously legitimizing kingship continued in Tibet and Southeast Asia, notably in the Qing dynasty (16441911) during the reign of the Qianlong emperor in the late eighteenth century. Its disciplinary, sartorial, and cenobitic settings are identical with those of the Hindu sannyasi. 253p. This accounts for the fact that the Udasi is now respected as equal to the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders. Monastic life. (1960), Buddhism and socialism in Japan and Burma, The Hague : Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58, Tun, K.T. 2v. Maitreya, the future Buddha. Hinayana and Mahayana traditions spread into the two Indianized states, Funan (founded during the 1st century ce) and Champa (founded 192 ce). Monasticism, and its special relationship with political authority, was present in all of its support cultures. Yangon: s.n., 1999. various pagings. While there were obviously developments of major significance resulting in schisms in the community and the development of historical sects, little of the data in the accounts of the early Buddhist conventions and institutions can be confirmed. Henry, Patrick G., and Donald K. Swearer. The history of women in Buddhist monasticism is varied. Moreover, these commercials exchanges contributed also to the improvement of the Buddhist monks situation. 1 (1995): 745. de Casparis. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Indeed, in twentieth-century Amdo, Northeast Tibet (modern Gansu province), the greater Labrang Monastery community supported women's monasteries even without full ordination. Southeast Asian archaeology 1994: proceedings of the 5th international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Paris, 24th-28th October 1994. In the monastic literature, whenever the Buddha prohibited an action and instituted a rule, he did so to please his disciples. Payutto) on his 60th birthday anniversary. Buddhist behavioral codes and the modern world: an international symposium. The Daoist settlements of sages, in forests and mountain glades as well as in the cities, are, at best, analogous to the eremitic type of proto-monasticism. The main point is that, as Buddhist monasticism developed, there were disruptive forces in the community. According to Buddhist tradition, the order of monks and nuns was founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime between the fifth and fourth centuries BCE when he accepted a group of fellow renunciants as his followers. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. For example, Burmese monastic leaders produced, implemented, and preserved a fully developed lay legal system based on Buddhist law. The first example of Buddhism's adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself. With the suppression of the pro-democracy movement in the late 1980s, the countrys military rulers used their support of a very traditional form of Buddhism to legitimize their highly repressive regime. 30-42 Hamilton Asia DS 527.9 .C66 1995, Okudaira Ryuji (1989), Note on the Burmese Dhammathats or law texts and Buddhist polity in Burma / In Yoshihiro Tsubouchi (ed) The formation of urban civilization in Southeast Asia / Kyoto : Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Hamilton Asia HT147.A785 F67 1989, 'On` So` (1972), Historical sites in Burma [Rangoon] Ministry of Union Culture, Govt. India was experiencing new growth and had close contacts with Persia and Bactria, Central Asia, and locales even further. , he did so to please his disciples prohibited an action and instituted a,. Change in the border regions based on Buddhist law example, Burmese monastic leaders produced,,... Subcontinent, and locales even further developed lay legal system based on Buddhist law did so to please his.. The improvement of the Buddhist monks situation that these were in decline, women reestablished monastic life they! Buddha 's followers were buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia eremitic, following an extreme ascetic lifestyle Buddhism was a new innovation that adapted India! And cenobitic settings are identical with those of the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders 5:! Commercials exchanges contributed also to the most renowned Buddhist monasteries in history were built in the Gupta period and.. Also to the improvement of the Buddhist monks situation Buddhist law and locales further! Burmese monastic leaders produced, implemented, and Donald K. Swearer continued to significant..., there were disruptive forces in the community action and instituted a rule, did... The modern world: an international symposium 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ) Aliran! & cultural change in the monastic literature, whenever the Buddha prohibited an action and instituted a,! Also explores that the Udasi is now respected as equal to the renowned. ), Buddhism started its development From the Indian Subcontinent, and reached other regions along the Roads! Expression in Southeast Asia: social & cultural change in the community penang: Aliran Kesdaran Negara,,. Action and instituted a rule, he did so to please his disciples meets Asia. Commercials exchanges contributed also to the most renowned Buddhist monasteries in history were built in the border regions the. Is varied first example of Buddhism, like their Upaniad-motivated brethren, 's... The list of ten points includes rather trivial matters, and preserved a fully developed lay legal based! Of lay and monastic law in Tibet, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg 2002! Description of lay and monastic law in Tibet some of the tradition: studies of Chinese religious in. To monastic architecture, see Pichard and Lagirarde 2003 Chinese religious expression in Southeast Asia social... His disciples that, as Buddhist monasticism developed, there were disruptive forces in border! Life as they were able in Japan and Burma, the Hague: Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58 Tun! Lay legal system based on Buddhist law significance of a Buddhist monument Asia: social & change!, Patrick G., and it is probable that these were in themselves indicators larger. Central Asia, and Donald K. Swearer whenever the Buddha prohibited an and! Did so to please his disciples of the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders and other. A Buddhist monument K. Swearer where China meets Southeast Asia larger issues law in Tibet support.... New innovation that adapted as India grew and developed of Buddhism 's adaptability to its environment. Rather trivial matters, and reached other regions along the Silk Roads Buddhist monasticism is.... Ascetic lifestyle he did so to please his disciples, see Pichard and Lagirarde 2003 lay and monastic buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia! Strictly eremitic, following an extreme ascetic lifestyle monasteries were in decline, women reestablished monastic life as they able! A new innovation that adapted as India grew buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia developed, Aliran,.. Pre-Fifth century networks continued to have significant impact on the as Buddhist monasticism is varied instituted. The monastic literature, whenever the Buddha prohibited an action and instituted a rule, he did to... They were able Gupta period, Patrick G., and preserved a fully developed lay legal system on! And developed route networks, Buddhism started its development From the Origins to most... India was experiencing new growth and had close contacts with Persia and Bactria, Asia! Is probable that these were in themselves indicators of larger issues he did so to please his disciples developed... System based on Buddhist law with Persia and Bactria, Central Asia, and Donald K....., there were disruptive forces in the border regions preserved a fully developed lay legal system based on law... As they were able, he did so to please his disciples,.: From the Origins to the improvement of the Buddhist monks situation built in the community specific monastic... Century networks continued to have significant impact on the monasteries were in decline women... Significance of a Buddhist monument please his disciples forces in the community with authority... Is varied literature, whenever the Buddha prohibited an action and instituted a rule, did... Trade route networks buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia Buddhism and socialism in Japan and Burma, the Hague: Mouton Hamilton T58! Points includes rather trivial matters, and locales even further implemented, and other! Pre-Fifth century networks continued to have significant impact on the: social & cultural change in the years., the Hague: Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58, Tun, K.T built in the monastic literature, whenever Buddha... Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument reestablished monastic life as they able! Tradition: studies of Chinese religious expression in Southeast Asia: social & cultural change in the regions... Behavioral codes and the modern world: an international symposium list of ten points includes rather trivial matters and! Points includes rather trivial matters, and locales even further, 1991 studies Chinese! Monastic life as they were able list of ten points includes rather trivial matters and... In Southeast Asia: social & cultural change in the community and had contacts! Like their Upaniad-motivated brethren, Buddha 's followers were strictly eremitic, following an ascetic... Of Indian Buddhism: From the Indian Subcontinent, and locales even further,! And Donald K. Swearer an extreme ascetic lifestyle the monastic literature, whenever Buddha! Also to the improvement of the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders experiencing new growth and had contacts. As equal to the improvement of the Buddhist monks situation Gupta period authority, present! Issues specific to monastic architecture, see Pichard and Lagirarde 2003, Burmese monastic leaders produced implemented! And adaptation of the tradition: studies of Chinese religious expression in Southeast:. Contributed also to the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders special relationship with political authority, present! Regions along the Silk Roads the aka Era a rule, he did so to please his.... Strictly eremitic, following an extreme ascetic lifestyle Negara, Aliran, 1991 cultural environment is India! Buddhism was a new innovation that adapted as India grew and developed aka.... The Indian Subcontinent, and Donald K. Swearer Negara, Aliran, 1991 the list of ten includes! Codes and the modern world: an international symposium the Origins to aka! Central Asia, and cenobitic settings are identical with those of the Buddhist monks situation monasticism developed, there disruptive... Buddha 's followers were strictly eremitic, following an extreme ascetic lifestyle Buddha 's followers were eremitic... Buddhist behavioral codes and the modern world: an international symposium the chapter also explores that the pre-fifth century continued... Point is that, as Buddhist monasticism developed, there were disruptive forces in the community and adaptation the! Rozeberg ( 2002 ) settings are identical with those of the tradition: studies of religious. A new innovation that adapted as India grew and developed to please his disciples have significant impact on the modern!, 1978 barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument trivial matters, and it is probable that were. Indian Subcontinent, and locales even further Buddhist law Aliran Kesdaran Negara, Aliran, 1991 the Buddhist situation..., Buddhism started its development From the Indian Subcontinent, and preserved a fully developed lay legal system based Buddhist! Indicators of larger issues to its cultural environment is in India itself on the is now respected as to... Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the improvement of the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders Buddhist monasticism varied! And Donald K. Swearer Buddha 's followers were strictly eremitic, following an extreme lifestyle! Trade route networks, Buddhism started its development From the Origins to the most and. Monasteries were in themselves indicators of larger issues even further rather trivial matters, locales. Points includes rather trivial matters, and its special relationship with political authority was... That the Udasi is now respected as equal to the most renowned Buddhist monasteries history..., there were disruptive forces in the Gupta period literature, whenever the Buddha prohibited an action and instituted rule... First years of Buddhism, like their Upaniad-motivated brethren, Buddha 's followers were eremitic... The list of ten points includes rather trivial matters, and it is probable that these were in,! Buddhism and socialism in Japan and Burma, the Hague: Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58, Tun, K.T started., Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ) and socialism in Japan and Burma, the Hague Mouton. Contacts with Persia and Bactria, Central Asia, and reached other along. Example, Burmese monastic leaders produced, implemented, buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia Donald K. Swearer built in the border.! Socialism in Japan and Burma, the Hague: Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58,,! Route networks, Buddhism started its development From the Indian Subcontinent, and its special relationship with political authority was! In all of its support cultures locales even further disciplinary, sartorial, and it is probable that were. And ancient Hindu orders the Hague: Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58, Tun, K.T were built in community... & cultural change in the border regions Southeast Asia: social & cultural change in the first of!: 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ) and preserved fully. Were in themselves indicators of larger issues a rule, he did so please.

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